Ya Devi Sarvabhuteshu (Tantrokta Devi Suktam): Meaning
These verses are the gods' hymn in the fifth chapter of the Devi Mahatmya (Durga Saptashati). Defeated by the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha and driven from their places, the gods go to the Himalaya, remember the Goddess's promise to come whenever they call on her, and praise her. The hymn moves from names of the Goddess (verses 1–5) to its famous litany (verses 6–26), which sees her in every power and state of living beings, good and difficult alike, and ends with a prayer for protection (verses 29–30). In the story, Parvati then comes to bathe in the Ganga, and the Goddess Ambika (Kaushiki) emerges from her body to answer the gods. The notes explain the names and the thought behind the litany.
नमो देव्यै महादेव्यै शिवायै सततं नमः । नमः प्रकृत्यै भद्रायै नियताः प्रणताः स्म ताम् ॥
namo devyai mahādevyai śivāyai satataṃ namaḥ । namaḥ prakṛtyai bhadrāyai niyatāḥ praṇatāḥ sma tām ॥
प्रकृत्यै prakṛtyai to Prakriti, primal nature भद्रायै bhadrāyai to the gracious, auspicious one नियताः niyatāḥ restrained, self-disciplined देवी को, महादेवी को, शिवा (कल्याणकारी) को सदा नमस्कार; प्रकृति को, भद्रा को नमस्कार; हम नियमपूर्वक उन्हें प्रणाम करते हैं।
Salutation to the Devi, to the great Devi, to the auspicious one, always salutation; salutation to Prakriti, to the gracious one: with restraint we bow to her.
The hymn opens by naming the Goddess as Devi and Mahadevi, as Shiva (the auspicious one, in the feminine), as Prakriti (nature, the material source of the world) and as Bhadra (the gracious one). "Niyatah pranatah sma tam": the gods bow to her with restraint and discipline.
रौद्रायै नमो नित्यायै गौर्यै धात्र्यै नमो नमः । ज्योत्स्नायै चेन्दुरूपिण्यै सुखायै सततं नमः ॥
raudrāyai namo nityāyai gauryai dhātryai namo namaḥ । jyotsnāyai cendurūpiṇyai sukhāyai satataṃ namaḥ ॥
धात्र्यै dhātryai to the sustainer, the nurse ज्योत्स्नायै jyotsnāyai to moonlight रौद्रा को, नित्या को, गौरी को, धात्री को बार-बार नमस्कार; ज्योत्स्ना (चाँदनी) को, चंद्ररूपिणी को, सुखस्वरूपा को सदा नमस्कार।
Salutation to the fierce one, to the eternal one, to Gauri, to the sustainer, again and again; always salutation to her who is moonlight, who has the form of the moon, who is happiness.
She is both fierce (Raudra) and eternal (Nitya); she is Gauri, the fair one, and Dhatri, the one who sustains. She is also moonlight, the moon itself and happiness: the hymn holds her terrible and gentle sides together from the start.
कल्याण्यै प्रणतां वृद्ध्यै सिद्ध्यै कुर्मो नमो नमः । नैर्ऋत्यै भूभृतां लक्ष्म्यै शर्वाण्यै ते नमो नमः ॥
kalyāṇyai praṇatāṃ vṛddhyai siddhyai kurmo namo namaḥ । nair:ṛtyai bhūbhṛtāṃ lakṣmyai śarvāṇyai te namo namaḥ ॥
नैर्ऋत्यै nair:ṛtyai to Nairriti, the power of decline शर्वाण्यै śarvāṇyai to Sharvani, wife of Shiva शरणागतों के लिए कल्याण, वृद्धि और सिद्धि रूप देवी को हम बार-बार नमस्कार करते हैं; नैर्ऋती को, राजाओं की लक्ष्मी को, शर्वाणी को, तुम्हें बार-बार नमस्कार।
We bow again and again to her who is welfare, growth and success for those who bow to her; to Nairriti, to the prosperity of kings, to Sharvani, salutation to you again and again.
For those who bow to her she is welfare, growth and success. Nairriti is the power of decline and misfortune, and Sharvani the consort of Sharva (Shiva); she is also the prosperity of kings. Again the hymn sees the Goddess in what is feared as well as what is wished for.
दुर्गायै दुर्गपारायै सारायै सर्वकारिण्यै । ख्यात्यै तथैव कृष्णायै धूम्रायै सततं नमः ॥
durgāyai durgapārāyai sārāyai sarvakāriṇyai । khyātyai tathaiva kṛṣṇāyai dhūmrāyai satataṃ namaḥ ॥
दुर्गपारायै durgapārāyai to her who carries one across difficulty ख्यात्यै khyātyai to fame दुर्गा को, जो कठिनाइयों से पार ले जाती हैं, सार-स्वरूपा को, सब कुछ करने वाली को; ख्याति को, कृष्णा (श्यामवर्णा) को और धूम्रा को सदा नमस्कार।
Always salutation to Durga, who carries one across difficulty, the essence, the doer of all; to Khyati (fame), to Krishna (the dark one), to Dhumra (the smoky one).
Durga is explained by "durga-para": she carries her devotees across durga, what is hard to pass. She is the essence (Sara), the doer of all, fame (Khyati), the dark one (Krishna) and the smoky one (Dhumra).
अतिसौम्यातिरौद्रायै नतास्तस्यै नमो नमः । नमो जगत्प्रतिष्ठायै देव्यै कृत्यै नमो नमः ॥
atisaumyātiraudrāyai natāstasyai namo namaḥ । namo jagatpratiṣṭhāyai devyai kṛtyai namo namaḥ ॥
अतिसौम्यातिरौद्रायै atisaumyātiraudrāyai to her who is most gentle and most fierce जगत्प्रतिष्ठायै jagatpratiṣṭhāyai to the foundation of the world जो अत्यंत सौम्य भी हैं और अत्यंत रौद्र भी, उन्हें झुककर बार-बार नमस्कार; जगत की आधार देवी को, क्रिया-स्वरूपा को बार-बार नमस्कार।
Bowing low, we salute again and again her who is both most gentle and most fierce; salutation again and again to the Devi who is the foundation of the world, to her who is action.
"Ati-saumya-ati-raudra": at once most gentle and most fierce. She is the foundation on which the world stands (Jagat-pratishtha) and Kriti, action itself.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु विष्णुमायेति शब्दिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu viṣṇumāyeti śabditā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
सर्वभूतेषु sarvabhūteṣu in all beings विष्णुमाया viṣṇumāyā Vishnu's power of illusion शब्दिता śabditā is called, is named जो देवी सब प्राणियों में विष्णुमाया कही जाती हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings is called Vishnumaya: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
The litany begins. Each verse names one way in which the Goddess "abides in all beings" (sarva-bhuteshu samsthita) and answers with the threefold salutation "namas tasyai", traditionally understood as bowing to her in body, speech and mind. The first name, Vishnumaya, recalls the first chapter of the Devi Mahatmya, where the Goddess as Mahamaya holds even Vishnu in yogic sleep.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु चेतनेत्यभिधीयते । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu cetanetyabhidhīyate । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
अभिधीयते abhidhīyate is called जो देवी सब प्राणियों में चेतना कहलाती हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings is called consciousness: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
Chetana is consciousness, awareness itself: the Goddess is not only in beings' powers but in the fact that they are aware at all.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु बुद्धिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu buddhirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में बुद्धि रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as intelligence: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु निद्रारूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu nidrārūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
निद्रारूपेण nidrārūpeṇa in the form of sleep जो देवी सब प्राणियों में निद्रा रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as sleep: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
Sleep, and in the next verses hunger and thirst, are counted among the forms of the Goddess. The hymn does not separate the spiritual from the bodily: whatever moves living beings is her power.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु क्षुधारूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu kṣudhārūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में क्षुधा (भूख) रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as hunger: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु छायारूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu chāyārūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में छाया रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as shadow (reflection): salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु शक्तिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu śaktirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
शक्तिरूपेण śaktirūpeṇa in the form of power जो देवी सब प्राणियों में शक्ति रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as power: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
Shakti, power or energy, is the best-known line of the litany and the one most often recited on its own. In Shakta thought the Goddess is Shakti, the power by which everything acts.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु तृष्णारूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu tṛṣṇārūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में तृष्णा (प्यास, लालसा) रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as thirst (longing): salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु क्षान्तिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu kṣāntirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में क्षमा रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as forbearance: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु जातिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu jātirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में जाति (जन्म) रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as birth (kind): salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु लज्जारूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu lajjārūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में लज्जा रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as modesty: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु शान्तिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu śāntirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में शांति रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as peace: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु श्रद्धारूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu śraddhārūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में श्रद्धा रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as faith: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु कान्तिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu kāntirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में कांति (सौंदर्य, तेज) रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as radiance: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु लक्ष्मीरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu lakṣmīrūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में लक्ष्मी (समृद्धि) रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as prosperity: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु वृत्तिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu vṛttirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में वृत्ति (आजीविका, क्रिया) रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as livelihood (activity): salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु स्मृतिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu smṛtirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में स्मृति रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as memory: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु दयारूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu dayārūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में दया रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as compassion: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु तुष्टिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu tuṣṭirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
जो देवी सब प्राणियों में तुष्टि (संतोष) रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as contentment: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु मातृरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu mātṛrūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
मातृरूपेण mātṛrūpeṇa in the form of a mother जो देवी सब प्राणियों में माता रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as mother: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
Matri, the mother: one of the most loved lines, often sung on its own in praise of the Goddess as the mother of all.
या देवी सर्वभूतेषु भ्रान्तिरूपेण संस्थिता । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
yā devī sarvabhūteṣu bhrāntirūpeṇa saṃsthitā । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
भ्रान्तिरूपेण bhrāntirūpeṇa in the form of delusion जो देवी सब प्राणियों में भ्रांति रूप में स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To the Devi who in all beings abides as delusion: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
The litany ends with Bhranti, delusion or error. That even confusion is called a form of the Goddess completes the hymn's view: there is no state of a living being in which she is absent.
इन्द्रियाणामधिष्ठात्री भूतानां चाखिलेषु या । भूतेषु सततं तस्यै व्याप्तिदेव्यै नमो नमः ॥
indriyāṇāmadhiṣṭhātrī bhūtānāṃ cākhileṣu yā । bhūteṣu satataṃ tasyai vyāptidevyai namo namaḥ ॥
इन्द्रियाणामधिष्ठात्री indriyāṇāmadhiṣṭhātrī presiding over the senses व्याप्तिदेव्यै vyāptidevyai to the all-pervading goddess जो सब प्राणियों की इंद्रियों की अधिष्ठात्री हैं और सब भूतों में सदा व्याप्त हैं, उन व्याप्ति-देवी को बार-बार नमस्कार।
To her who presides over the senses of all beings, and who pervades all beings always, to the all-pervading Devi, salutation again and again.
She presides over the senses (indriya) of all beings and pervades them: here called Vyapti-devi, the goddess who pervades.
चितिरूपेण या कृत्स्नमेतद्व्याप्य स्थिता जगत् । नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः ॥
citirūpeṇa yā kṛtsnametadvyāpya sthitā jagat । namastasyai namastasyai namastasyai namo namaḥ ॥
चितिरूपेण citirūpeṇa as consciousness कृत्स्नम् kṛtsnam the whole, entire जो चेतना रूप से इस संपूर्ण जगत को व्याप्त करके स्थित हैं, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, उन्हें नमस्कार, बार-बार नमस्कार।
To her who, as consciousness, pervades this whole world and abides in it: salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation to her, salutation again and again.
Chiti is pure consciousness. Where verse 7 saw her as awareness in each being, this verse sees her as the consciousness that fills the whole world.
स्तुता सुरैः पूर्वमभीष्टसंश्रयात्तथा सुरेन्द्रेण दिनेषु सेविता । करोतु सा नः शुभहेतुरीश्वरी शुभानि भद्राण्यभिहन्तु चापदः ॥
stutā suraiḥ pūrvamabhīṣṭasaṃśrayāttathā surendreṇa dineṣu sevitā । karotu sā naḥ śubhaheturīśvarī śubhāni bhadrāṇyabhihantu cāpadaḥ ॥
अभीष्टसंश्रयात् abhīṣṭasaṃśrayāt for the sake of their wishes आपदः āpadaḥ calamities पूर्वकाल में देवताओं ने अपनी अभीष्ट-सिद्धि के लिए जिनकी स्तुति की और देवराज इंद्र ने बहुत दिनों तक जिनकी सेवा की, वे कल्याण की कारण ईश्वरी हमारा शुभ और मंगल करें तथा हमारी आपदाओं का नाश करें।
Praised of old by the gods for the fulfilment of their wishes, and served day after day by the lord of the gods, may that Ishvari, the cause of all good, bring us good and blessings and destroy our misfortunes.
The gods recall that they praised her before, when she killed Mahishasura (chapter 4), and that Indra served her; they ask the Ishvari, the sovereign Goddess, to bring good and destroy misfortune.
या साम्प्रतं चोद्धतदैत्यतापितैरस्माभिरीशा च सुरैर्नमस्यते । या च स्मृता तत्क्षणमेव हन्ति नः सर्वापदो भक्तिविनम्रमूर्तिभिः ॥
yā sāmprataṃ coddhatadaityatāpitairasmābhirīśā ca surairnamasyate । yā ca smṛtā tatkṣaṇameva hanti naḥ sarvāpado bhaktivinamramūrtibhiḥ ॥
उद्धतदैत्यतापितैः uddhatadaityatāpitaiḥ by those tormented by arrogant demons भक्तिविनम्रमूर्तिभिः bhaktivinamramūrtibhiḥ by those whose bodies are bowed in devotion उद्दंड दैत्यों से सताए हुए हम देवता इस समय जिन ईश्वरी को नमस्कार करते हैं, और भक्ति से विनम्र होकर स्मरण किए जाने पर जो उसी क्षण सब आपदाओं का नाश कर देती हैं।
She whom we gods, tormented now by arrogant demons, salute as our sovereign, and who, remembered by those whose bodies are bowed in devotion, at that very moment destroys all their calamities.
The present need: the gods, tormented now by arrogant demons, bow to her, trusting that she, remembered with devotion, destroys all calamities at that very moment. It is this verse that the Goddess answers by appearing.
Sources & checks
- Commentary by
- Sanatanshala editorial process
- Checked by
- Sanatanshala editorial process
- Sources
- Devi Mahatmya, Wikipedia (2026)
- Devīsūktam (Chandipatha), Wikipedia (2026)
- Shumbha and Nishumbha, Wikipedia (2026)